Urbanization in ancient Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urbanization in ancient Greece - Essay Example One key characteristic of these settlements was lack of governmental authority beyond the boundaries of the village (Chant et al, 2000). In addition, these villages did not have any workshops or public buildings. Such egalitarian societies persevered on even after the introduction of agriculture. The egalitarian societies were stratified and turned into functionally specialized units by the formation of states and urbanization (Chant et al, 1999). This process took place independently in numerous regions of the world, probably starting from the Southwest Asian region, which was very fertile. The formative era referred to the period between the years 7000 to 5000 BC, which was characterised by urbanization and state development, which complemented each other. Upon the stratification of the egalitarian society, there emerged craftspeople, farmers, soldiers, administrators, merchants and priests, with the cities becoming the civilization focus (Chant, 1999). In the development of Greece cities, the natural environment as well as the existing technologies played a key role. These cities were built in around the eighth century by the Greeks. Distinguishing how the shape of the buildings in the cities was influenced by the natural environment or the available technologies is not easy. This is because there exists a very dynamic relationship between the natural environment and technology, with each shaping or being shaped by the other. Military technologies and needs were very important determinants in the layout and growth of Greek cities. Some of the initial cities in Greece grew as a result of pressure since the people needed to defend themselves form their enemies. As a result they were generally located on rocky positions, which were regarded as defensible. They were also positioned some distance from the harbour, with heavy fortification (Chant et al, 2000). Wall-building proved to be the most expensive and laborious task and involved very impressive engineering accomplishments in the architecture of Greece. Stone was in abundance and was used the building material, with its properties determining the style of construction. For instance, lintels and posts were frequently used in the construction of public monuments. Stone, which was the building material of choice, needed lifting technologies that utilized people as opposed to hoists (Chant et al, 1999). Cranes were not in use until much later, in 515 BC and beyond. They came into use as a result of labour shortage and not because of their capability of lifting larger blocks of stone. The unplanned growth of the earliest settlements was substituted by a bit more formal buildings, mainly after Persian attacks in the fifth century. With the advancement of technology in the military, it became necessary to adopt a defensive layout for the city streets. In the process of the reconstruction of these cities, there was development of numerous town planning theories, most of which were put into practice, with the grid plan becoming very common. Aristotle advocated for a city design of a defensive nature, which uses both the irregular and regular features. This, he argued, was aimed at reconciling the strain of moving both the equipment and troops easily, and to confuse any attackers (Chant, 2000). Natural Environment The location of earlier settlements was mainly determined by the natural

Analysing The Emerging Democracy Of South Africa Politics Essay

Analysing The Emerging Democracy Of South Africa Politics Essay South Africa is a young democracy that has begun making serious attempts to bring the nation together and create national equality among the people. First to understand what a democracy is it needs to be defined. William Hay Anthony defines democracy as liberal representative government under law, sustained by a political culture that accepts open disagreement and demands accountability (Anthony, pg 135). This definition highlights the role of institutions in making a political order work (Anthony, pg 135). Applying this definition to the South African case is important to analyzing its development within being a democratic nation. Civil and political rights are important to a democratic nation because it must maintain rights to all of its citizens equally. South Africa has made huge steps in ensuring equal rights to all of its citizens, though it is quite clear that a lot more could be done. In terms of economic rights and social rights, South Africa has made attempts in making thes e rights equal for everyone. The democratic role of South African political parties has been a constant one. The African National Congress has been the party in power of the state since its first democratic election in 1994 and it seems like it is getting more and more support as time goes by. Their policies which have been put forth have the same goal of having equality within the state. In the past 16 years, South Africa has made numerous attempts to make its nation more democratic but it is clear that the work that the nation must do to have a complete democracy, is nowhere near finished. Rights have not always been equal to all people of South Africa throughout history, even in the past 20 years. From 1948- 1994, South Africa was under an apartheid, that is, a segregation of blacks and whites in all aspects of society. Under this rule, all races that were identified by the South African Government were divided. At the time, the government recognized four different racial categories: African, coloured, Indian and white (Lichbach 2009, 466). There were many laws that were put in place to keep the people of the country segregated at all times; the only exclusion to that was if a black African was working for a white one. Some apartheid laws were the Group Areas Act, Land Acts, Population Registration Act and Reservation of separate Amenities Act (Lester 1996, 227). During the apartheid, because coloured people could not vote or own property, they were living in extremely poor conditions and kept in certain black only areas. Even when coloured people could own land, th e qualifications amount was raised too high for many coloured people to even consider attempting to purchase land. (Maphai 1994, 3). Without the ownership of property, one could not vote. When the first democratic election was held in April of 1994, it marked a new beginning in South Africa; some called it the New South Africa. Mandela was named as president and many apartheid laws were abolished. People were becoming more equal within this country which meant people of all the coloured races were lawfully allowed to integrate with their white counter parts in education, work, property ownership and other rights that were not given to them before. With a new government set in place, citizens were excited to see how their country would change for the better given its new democratic policies that would soon begin to be in effect. What some people dont fully understand is that many things like becoming a new democracy take time, especially when dealing with a country with a past like t hat of South Africa. With that being said, even though these wonderful laws were being put into government, they were not exactly being implemented very well. One of the biggest reasons why so many of the countrys people have to live this way is because of the huge inequalities within the country; Inequality is still higher than anywhere else in the world (Pons-Vignon 2008, 3). Inequality is something that cannot be changed overnight with the passing of different laws; it is something will be an ongoing struggle for the country. Something that is special with the democratic characteristics of South Africa is the fact that the minority of the country has most of the power; white people are the clear minority of the population but they clearly have the most power. In 1980, it was shown that whites, who were one sixth of the population, earned two thirds of total income in the country (Maphai 1994, 137). Because white people have such great power as a whole, it is more difficult for other citizens of the country to rise economically. Since 1994, the only place that whites do not have the most power is in government. The Party that has been in power since the liberalization movement has been the black- led African National Congress or ANC. When it comes to voting, which many black people do have a right to now, whites just cannot even compare with the numbers that the Blacks have; in 2001, 79 percent of the population classified themselves as African, 10 percent as white, 9 percent as Coloured and 2 percent as Asian (Lichbach 2009, 472). The fact that government is led by a black supported party is not unfortunate for most white people. In the early 1990s, the ANC adopted many policies and went through many negotiations with the National party (NP) to get more support from the white community. With the attempt that the ANC made toward getting support from white people in the country, white people began to see the ANC more like a rival as rather than an enemy. (M aphai 1994, 75) As well, the leaders of the ANC have done a good job in convincing all people, including whites, that their policies will only help to better the country. Unions are also helpful with making a nation more democratic. The ability to have specific rights because of employment is a huge factor in having equal rights for people. It was 1979 when African Trade Unions were finally recognized and the Congress of South African Trade Unions was then formed in 1985. (Lichbach 2009, 477) Recognizing unions that were made up of Black workers was essential in implying that they, as workers within the state, deserve no less than that of white workers. Unions allow a group of workers to negotiate with their employers about better wages and working conditions. In the aspect of civil and political rights, South Africa is making a clear progression towards truly having equality within those rights. Democratically, South Africa is making a big progression towards effectively having equ al political and civil rights for all of its citizens. Through the coming years there should be more polices out being put into effect and hopefully a better understanding of equality among races. It is only then that the rights that are actually listed within the South African law will have been respected and truly put into practice. Before democracy was even a possibility in South Africa, the main problem was an attempt by white settlers to make a country whose population is 75 percent African a `white man`s country (Maphai 1994, 1). Three million white people had achieved unchallenged superiority over sixteen million Africans by 1965. (Maphai 1994, 1) The technological advancement of white people is one of the big factors of what made them overpower that large number of blacks. (Lichbach 2009, 463) Economically and socially, many South Africans do not have adequate rights that should be equated to them within their democratic nation. In 1994 the life expectancy was at 65 years and then within the next decade it dropped to 52 years. This is because of a degenerative health care system and the battle with HIV- AIDS that the country has to deal with. (Bond December 2009, 581) As of 2007, South Africa had the most deaths of HIV-AIDS than any other country in the world. (Central Intelligence Agency 2010) The infant mortality rate is decreasing but is still relatively high because of the amount of babies dying because of HIV- AIDS. The Literacy rate is on the rise because more people now have access to adequate schools. In 1980, when the literacy rate for whites was 99.3% it was at 67% for Black Africans. (Maphai 1994, 138) Historically, when all coloured Africans were separated from whites, there was always an enormous gap between the well being of whites and that of coloured people. Today, the gap has closed but it is still not equal. As years go by, there are more and more opportunities for black Africans in regard to employment. Years ago, blacks did all of the labour and whites reaped all the economic benefit from that labour. Since new laws have been put in place, blacks now have the option to work in any field that is desired by them. Although, within certain industries, policies biased against employment have restricted income earning opportunities for blacks (Maphai 1994, 143). Skille d jobs with high wages were granted to whites while black workers were paid poorly. (Lichbach 2009, 465) Some say that affirmative action may be needed to keep at least a significant portion of black people in certain jobs but this is not always a sufficient (way) to redress the socio-economic imbalances in South Africa (Waghid 2003, 168). Affirmative action policies may turn qualified applicants to the job solely because of the fact that they are white and cannot be hired because the business needs to hire more black people. There needs to be other policies out into effect that actually provide adequate education to more blacks. A company should not feel obligated to hire someone just to fill a quota; a person should be hired based on the skills he or she has. Poverty is affected by those that are unemployed and those that earn wages. In 1991, the ANC said that the best way to address poverty was through economic growth. (Lichbach 2009, 478) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is represen ted in terms of income. This is unfortunate for the black majority that only earns wages. White people earn an income as well as other money in forms such as that of interest, rent, dividends and profits. All these other forms of income were accessible to whites by virtue of ownership of capital, land and other assets (Maphai 1994, 137) which black people did not have the advantage of being able to own. In the decade of 1986 1996, the annual growth of the GDP was less than one percent whereas the population growth of the country was an average of 2.5 percent per year. (Lichbach 2009, 472) The South African Economy was never designed to serve a black majority (Lichbach 2009, 472). As a middle income country, South Africa has a GNP of about 3630 US dollars per person. After 1994, the economy was revived with the GNP growing at a rate exceeding that of the population growth rate (Lichbach 2009, 472). During the Apartheid, sex and marriage between races was prohibited. Every aspect of social life was segregated by race. People of different races did not have the right to interact with one another socially no matter what the circumstance. The Freedom Charter of the ANC from 1955 declared that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on will of people (Lichbach 2009, 467). It was the 1980s that the government realized that the apartheid was costing a lot of money. The economy was suffering from a recession, currency inflation, and excessive costs (Lichbach 2009, 468). While the economy was going through this hard time, white people had the money emigrate whereas black people had to face the brunt of the poor education system. A social right that should be equal to all is that of citizenship. Under the Bantu Homelands Act (1957) Africans were stripped of citizenship, expelled from parts of the cou ntry and consigned to ten scattered, ethnic homelands (Kopstein Lichbach, pg 467). This was the largest forced movement of a group of people anywhere in the postwar world. Today, all South Africans have citizenship within their country and are able to purchase land anywhere they would like. In 1989 there were numerous black consumer boycotts due to Conservative Councils decision to uphold separate Amenities Act (Lester 1996, 233). The effect of these boycotts was that many businesses decided to take down their white only signs from store fronts. This movement really showed the power that united black consumers can have. Overall, South Africa is moving in the right direction in terms of their economy and society. With the GDP in a steady increase and more jobs being available to more of the country, it seems as if the country is heading towards making the state more democratic. In the term of 1989 1994, the National Party was in power. It is a white led party was whose leader was Frederik Willem de Klerk. De Klerk had an enormous role in ending the apartheid in South Africa. He was very supportive in changing the country into a multiracial democracy. (Lichbach 2009, 469) During the 1990- 1991 period, De Klerk used expressions like bill of rights, mixed economy, one undivided South Africa and one person one vote (Maphai 1994, 75). He wanted reform and non-racialism within the country. The leader of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1994 was Nelson Mandela when he won the Presidency. It is a black led party that was trying to gain more support from white people within the country. Not many white people wanted to support the party because they viewed the release of Mandela as the catalyst to the chaos that was on the rise within the country. As the ANC began to adopt more policies that appealed to more people in the country it was the first time that the ANC and the current government at the time openly agreed upon the same constituency. (Maphai 1994, 76) The two biggest parties in South Africa were the National Party and The African National Congress. In 1997, the National party changed its name to become the New National Party (NNP). They did this to try to move away from their apartheid past and create a new image for themselves. The party already began to share more views with the opposing ANC, which then led to an alliance between the two parties. After witnessing two federal elections as a recognized party, The NNP decided to dismantle in 2005. This was because of the rapid decrease in voter support; people did not like the idea of the NNP being allied with the ANC. In the 1994 election, NP had some 20% of the vote whereas in the election 10 years later that number dropped down to 1.9% (NEED CITATION FOR THAT). It was clear that the NNP was never going to have much say in governmental matters with so little voter support. Many former members of the NNP decided to join the ANC when the NNP was terminated. Negotiations for reform within the country began in the end of 1991 (Lichbach 2009, 470). During these negotiations the ANC and NP would agree on certain things like one person, one vote; an independent judiciary; and re integration of the homelands (Lichbach 2009, 470). These parties resolved most of their issues through political, economic and military pacts. A transitional government was finally made after the multiparty negotiating forum that took place in 1993. (Lichbach 2009, 470) It was the young leaders like Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela that recommended to the ANC that they should begin discussing the aspect of a multiracial democracy. Within the 1994 election, there was celebration throughout the country. There was an extremely high voter turnout; 86% of eligible voters came out to vote, with ANC having a 63% majority. With Nelson Mandela as the new President, the top three parties, ANC, NP and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), formed the Government of National Unity (GNU). (Lichbach 2009, 471) In 1986, it was P.W. Botha that authorized the repeal of selected apartheid laws in recognition of the fact that blacks now lived permanently in the heart of all major metropolitan areas (Lichbach 2009, 468). Unfortunately this did not work for him because it ignored majority political aspirations. The ANC has been in power of South African since it was liberated in 1994. What people need to know is that the South African economy was never designed to serve a black majority (Lichbach 2009, 472). Some question whether the fact that ANC has such a huge majority over government is a good thing or a bad thing. The strong hold that the ANC has over power of the country may tempt leaders to change rules of the game to cover up corruption or to squelch political dissent (Lichbach 2009, 490). Others say that it is good to see the government representative of what the majority of the country wants. There are about fourteen parties that are represented in the South African government with many of them having no real chance of coming into power. This aspect of the democratic audit is quite good in the case of South Africa because of how representative the government is. The majority of the population, which are coloured, also have the majority in government. Therefore, it is easier for many people to have their voice heard through the party that they support. Though with the fact that one party has such a majority over all the rest, it can also be said that none of the other people in the country will be represented. What makes ANC different from many other majority parties is that many parties want or have an alliance with them. Alliances only occur between parties that share similar views and want one another to prosper. In South Africa, it can be deceived that the ANC- COSATU- SACP alliance manipulates blocks of vote into concentrations of political power for their own aggrandizement (Waghid 2003, 120) to disempowered minorities whose interests are affected by the groups policies. As one of the worlds youngest democracies, South Africa has many democratic elements that need to be implemented within the society. Having democratic policies are meaningless unless those policies are being implemented. Rights and equality issues have been and will still be at the forefront of the governments policies as they try to make the country a better place for all citizens. The rights that are written down in South Africas constitution provide a sense of pride knowing that they are there for everyone but what needs to be realized is that being afforded rights is not the same as being able to exercise such rights (Waghid 2003, 15). The high levels of inequality that are present in South Africa have to do with the fact that it is a young democracy that needs time to alter their society to reflect that. The African National Congress that is in power in government is doing a moderate job in maintaining a satisfactory level of order within the country and will only do more as tim e progresses. To say that South Africa is not a real democracy would not be a fair statement to make because of its youth and inexperience with this type of government. This country is a democracy that needs to evolve more and allow the people truly understand what it means to be a democracy.

Essay --

The question of euthanasia is one that has plagued the human sense of morale for centuries. With modern medical technology it becomes even more pressing. I will cover three aspects of Euthanasia including three principles for, three principles against, and my own conclusion as to why Euthanasia is morally justified. To clarify some of the terms involved; Euthanasia is derived from the Greek language: Euthos, meaning easy, and thanos, meaning dying. Voluntary Euthanasia is a medically assisted, peaceful death at the request of the patient. There is also active and passive euthanasia. Active being euthanasia at the request of a relative and passive euthanasia is withholding treatment at the request of the patient. There have been many arguments for euthanasia and most can be surmised into three principles. One is that individuals should have the right to make their own choices in personal issues such as death. Not respecting one’s wish for a quiet and peaceful death disrespect s one’s autonomy. It does so in such a way that to deny the right to make their own decision is like telling them they do not have the capacity to make a rational decision. If one does not have rational thought than one is like an animal with no concept of death. If one is thought to be like an animal then what harm is there in â€Å"putting them to sleep†? As people we constantly put down loved pets to end their suffering. Telling someone who only wishes for a peaceful death that they may not have such a mercy completely defies autonomy. Individuals’ right to make their own decision is not only an ethical right that all people have, but it is also protected by the United States Constitution as a part of the Right to Privacy. Death, it would seem to me, constitut... ...eat gift to ease one's pain and a great show of compassion to that person as well. Individuals have the right to choose. Denying a person their right to choose life or death, to me, is intrinsically wrong. As stated previously, death is a very personal issue and if life is no longer worth living than who are we to force unwanted life upon someone? We have a right to make private decisions and that includes the decision to die. There is nothing wrong with wanting to die peacefully to end suffering quicker than a natural death might have allowed. Euthanasia is clearly a mercy for those who suffer immensely through disease. Euthanasia should be an option for those that want it. It is obvious that many will still have objections and many will not make such a choice, but if they so choose, a quick and easy death awaits. I personally am not against euthanasia.

Compaison of two poems †‘Night Over Birkenau’ and ‘Earrings’ Essay

This essay will be analysing and contrasting two poems relating to the Auschwitz concentration camp during WWII and how it diversely affected Jews. The first poem is ‘Night over Birkenau,’ a first hand experience poem written by Tadeusz Borowski to display the daily lives of Jewish prisoners in concentration camps and ‘Earrings,’ a second generation poem by Annette Bialik Harchik, written to inform readers how Jewish women were imprisoned whilst exploring aspects such as the racial discrimination by Nazi Germans in the Auschwitz concentration camp. By exploring these aspects it seems that the poems are written to give a voice to the deceased Jews who have died without having the chance to inform the world about the inhumane crimes inflict upon them deceitfully. From the start of ‘Night over Birkenau’ readers are given a clear insight to the poem’s setting, hence the title ‘Night over Birkenau.’ This gives readers the sense of insecurity as a setting in the night is likely to be more vile. This is then reinforced in, â€Å"Again the grim sky closes.† ‘Grim’ gives readers a sense of horror; and ‘sky closes’ evidently proves that the prisoners are captivated in this horror, it is inescapable. ‘Again’ reinforces that it is cyclic, constant and never ending within their hearts. The Jews’ feeling of horror is initially derived from the horrifying methods used by the Nazi Germans to exterminate them. These were methods such as the crematorium, â€Å"and the eyes of the crematorium blaze.† The word ‘blaze’ allows readers to interpret the intensity and aggressiveness of the flame but it is the use of personification in ‘eyes’ which emphasises the intensity of the heat as the eyes symbolise the shape of an igniting red and blue flame. The personification allows readers to interpret how slow the Nazi Germans have made the length of the termination process, as the eyes represent a quality of live humans. They were burnt alive which emphasises the agony that Jews had to go through. Just to die in the end. All this gives us a like comparison of hell. In my opinion, the Germans in the poem possess a character equivalent God’s, shown by their possessiveness over a wide nation, and, how they wiped them easily because of their ignorant, unjustified hate. There is further reference to the ‘eyes’ later in the poem which can effectively be linked to stanza four where Borowski refers to the eyes and the poison on the same line, â€Å"my eyes are poisoned from sleep.† This reinforces the idea that the prisoners were tortured in the methods of death used as poison takes a long time to distil in the body, slowly working its way through the body resulting in the victim left in agony. Alternatively, the reference to the ‘eyes’ made in the above quotes can mean that the Germans’ crimes were being watched and would not go without being known to the world (hence how we now know). The use of ‘eyes’ shows that they are being watched more widely than simply saying ‘eye’. Imagery of nature’s deceitful and unwilling characteristic is similarly portrayed in ‘Earrings.’ At the end of the poem, we are similarly shown how nature trying to contribute to the Germans’ crimes. This is shown on the ending stanza of the poem. Harchik does this by describing the holes dug in which the camp prisoners’ corpses to be buried in, â€Å"The empty holes,† and, on the next line they are described as ‘grown shut.’ This is a very effective way to use language, it emphasises nature’s attempt to stop the finding of the Jews’ corpses after the massacre. This is shown by the use of oxymoron to emphasise how the holes that the Germans have dug to mass bury the prisoners’ corpses is veiled by grass growing over the burial sites eventually levelling off with the rest of the earth. The idea of nature’s conceal of the Germans’ crimes is similarly portrayed in ‘Night over Birkenau.’ â€Å"Fog descends over Birkenau.† ‘Descends’ allows readers to see the slow approach of the ‘fog’ covering all signs of reality. The use of ‘fog’ allows readers to interpret the spreading of loss and confusion on its progression. The fog concealing Birkenau can symbolise the ignorance of the outside world. They were blinded by mere fog which the Germans used as a temporary veil to their crimes. The world’s ignorance is shown by the way the outside world did not have a basic outlook of what was actually happening inside this typical, yet deceitful looking camp. Day be day, the tension of: hunger;sickness and fear accumulated within the prisoners. Even their feet were not put to rest. But, instead, they had to wear wooden shoes. A source of pain and can sometimes prove fatal. And with all this people in the Auschwitz camp were losing sanity. They were afraid of dying. Not just dying; but not being found again. Borowski cleverly presents the loss of sanity to readers by the theme of astronomy, â€Å"blue Orion- lost among the stars.† For one, a setting in outer space is very effective as it reinforces the same theme as the night, as space, likewise, is pitch black. The real reason to why Borowski used this quote is because the Orion is visible to everyone, all around the world. Yet, historically, because of the business (and lack of care) the world gave no attention to the crimes which were happening. Physical loss is shown in ‘Earrings’ in stanza four. On the first line, Harchik shows readers how atrocious her mother’s physical condition is once she left her ‘earrings’ from the last stanza, â€Å"Under her wavy white hair.† The use of ‘white’ emphasises the dramatic change in physical attributes that happen within a character – this emphasises how much the camp prisoners must have been worked out. The use of the alliteration, ‘Wavy white,’ gives a double impact and meaning to the ageing idea, as similarly ‘wavy’ hair is often degraded in quality and is the last stage of hair ‘development’ within a person thus it is a characteristic of an ageing person. Fear is heavily referred to in ‘Night over Birkenau.’ It was the initial reason to why people in concentration camps lost sanity. This fear of death and humiliation had a huge psychological impact on the prisoners. Which, with the deprivation of food and water, depression and over working – it could only get worse. The first stanza describes the potential threat which the camp prisoners are facing, and this is done in very simple and deeply understood language, â€Å"Like a crouching beast over the camp.† The word ‘beast’ is used to portray a grim character which will do anything possible to harness its goal. This fear is further reinforced because a ‘beast’ also possesses a savage, daunting appearance. But fear is shown when Borowski uses the word ‘crouching,’ to show that prisoners lived under threat as the Nazi Germans have the potential to take you. Just like the beast. The use of enjambment helps to reinforce the beast’s potential tokill by the use of death imagery, â€Å"The moon sets pale as a corpse.† The colour of the moon is comparable to ‘corpse.’ The aftermath of death. Alternatively this can show fear by the way that prisoners could not look up to the sky for hope but misery. At the beginning of stanza two, Borowski shows readers the lack of defence prisoners had and their vulnerability to the Nazi Germans in, â€Å"And like a shield abandoned in battle.† The use of ‘shield;’ ‘abandoned’ and ‘abandoned’ in his simile allows readers to see the situation the Jews were in. They could not retaliate, as, without a shield, they could not defend themselves enough to make it a fair battle. They were betrayed; and their only chance of survival was by following their enemies’ instructions until their fates are decided. This quote can link with, â€Å"Lead foot crushing my chest.† ‘Lead’ is a metallic element, and without the ‘shield’ mentioned earlier, prisoners were not able to defend themselves against the metallic ‘crush’ attack style inflicted by the Nazis’ boots, making them resign for the humiliation. We can see this by the way the poet chooses to describe all images of fear and death figuratively to personify how they were mislead to the ‘gate of hell’, â€Å"The transports growl in darkness.† Borowski chooses to use ‘transports’ instead of simply saying ‘transport,’ to emphasise the abnormal amount of train activity in the camp. The fear is further reinforced by the use of onomatopoeia, ‘growl’ which can be linked to animal imagery of the beast in stanza one. The purposeful play of plurals is used similarly in stanza 4 to convey a different meaning, â€Å"Like God’s judgement on the corpse of the earth.† This only refers to one thing ‘corpse,’ instead of saying ‘corpses’ – this is done to show that the Jews’ unity. They all went through the same experience and they all die in the same place, they were all equal in such a tragedy. Fear is presented in a differently in ‘Earrings.’ Harchik identifies her family’s name on the first line; instead of keeping anonymous as Borowski does in his poem. This shows us that the intention of the poet was to speak out to give a voice to the Jewish women almost 45 years after the mass termination of the Jews in her poem published in 1989 with other similar poems speaking about Jewish women in the Auschwitz camp. The way in which the Jewish generation suddenly arises from its dormant state in decades shows how survivors were afflicted with fear from the experience they had to go through. ‘Earrings’ shows speaks out by, first of all, giving her family’s name, with the basis of the poem coming first hand from her mother’s perspective but is also based around other Jewish women, the general picture. In comparison to ‘Night over Brikenau,’ ‘Earrings’ surround itself around a more factual and authoritative theme thus it is less emotional. Readers are shown the poem’s factual content by Harchik’s straightforward language, which is effective and to the point, â€Å"stripped, shorn and tattooed.† Straightforward and to the point. Loss is presented in both poems. But, in ‘Earrings’ Harchik shows the readers the loss by deprivation of vital things to Jewish girls, such as culture. â€Å"Ears pierced in infancy; adorned in string golden hoops for girlhood; diamond studs for marriage.† Harchik shows the loss of identity and culture by the way that people, without her earrings, would not be able to differentiate whether she is married or not – they lost their identity. And the importance is shown by the clever use of semi-colons to emphasise how each step and every step was equal in importance and must be conducted in a woman’s lifetime and the deaths of Jewish children shows the deprivation that is caused by the Germans. Harchik explores the aspect of death in the concentration camp. This is shown in stanza three to show the death toll of the prisoner’s using the earrings as a symbol of their identity: â€Å"leaving behind her—earrings in a huge glittering pile of jewelry.† The word ‘huge’ emphasises the sheer amount of women imprisoned as they have all left their belongings in the pile. Harchik uses the word ‘leave’ to show the that her mother left her possessions with her intention – which reinforces the deceitfulness of the Nazi Germans as they lied and told the Jews that they were only going in for a ‘shower,’ when, in fact they were to be inhaled with toxic gas. ‘Glittering’ shows that the jewellery was new and polished – in other words, it was to give an impression. This can be referred historically to the way Jews were deceived into a wrong destination, the total opposite of what they have been told. A destination in which there minds would never dwell on. Alternatively, ‘glittering’ can suggest the speed at which everything is happening, which is very fast. Whilst the pile of jewellery is ‘huge,’ it is still ‘glittering’ to emphasise the activity of women leaving their possessions and never coming back out. Both poems portray the same sense of unity between the Jews making them ‘one’. This is shown in a simpler and more effective form in ‘Earrings’ because the link of unity between the Jewish women was also a link of culture as all the women carried at least earrings. Harchik shows us this by using the world ‘pile’ in, â€Å"in a huge glittering pile of jewelry.† ‘Pile’ suggests the disorganization in the camp – which reinforces the idea how everything in the camp was going at extreme speed. But, it is this ‘pile’ which suggests the equality that all the Jews had – every person’s possessions was mixed in a huge pile with other cheaper or more expensive items. There is a huge range of who’s this jewlerry may belong to whether it was a poor or a rich person. All that really mattered was that these people were Jewish. In ‘Night over Birkenau,’ Borowski displays the aspect of humiliation in a discreet way to emphasises his feelings. A clear example of this humiliation is shown in stanza three. Humiliation is shown here when the Nazi Germans stamped their shoes on the prisoners to show how their dominance over them as they are the ‘Arian race’ and how Jews were inferior in comparison to them. â€Å"This lead foot crushing my chest.†The use of words like ‘crushing’ is effective, it does not simply say ‘stamping’ but goes into a higher level of complexity to relate it to make it deadlier to emphasise that the Germans were never lenient with the camp prisoners. This can subtlety linked with the previous line of the Stanza ‘Breath rattles’, which is a sound of suffocation as the Germans crushed the prisoner’s chest. From this, we can deduce how Jews were racially ridiculed as soon as they entered the camp. They were not only humiliated but seized in a deadly way which is reinforced in the enjambment, â€Å"is the silence of three million dead.† This is what almost all Jews had to go through; regardless of who they were in the other world: the world were they had their own names. Prisoners humiliation is portrayed in ‘Earrings.’ Harchik guides readers through it in a chronological format where commas identify the pause between every step, â€Å"my mother was stripped,shorn,tattooed.† Harchik uses a continuous 3 line enjambment to show the speed at which everything is happening. Once prisoners are off the train they must do what the Nazi Germans tell them without a pause. The personal reference to her mother will make readers more sympathetic towards the situation since a mother is a character of significance. Prisoners were treated barbarically like a herd of sheep. We can see this by the way they had to follow all orders given to them, just like the sheep would do to the farmer without a halt. What is even more humiliating, is the way that the womens’ heads were shaven off completely, ‘shorn.’ This is done to remove any environmental variation between them. They could not be themselves – they were almost clones of each other serving the Germans. They were not easily differentiable and in some cases it was non-deferential between a man and a woman. And this mark of identity is shown by the way they were ‘tattooed’ – almost a sign from the Germans of their permanency in the camp. This shows the how some prisoners were even humiliated by their simple, indirect thoughts. There is also an effective use of alliteration in both ‘Night over Birkenau’ and ‘Earrings.’ Both of the poems use alliteration to convey both both the onomatopoeic meaning and a hidden historical inference. In ‘Night over Birkenau,’ alliteration is used to show death â€Å"It’s steamy stifling.† This refers to the sound of a snake ‘Ss’, which is an example of animal imagery with the intention to bring death. The use of ‘steam’ emphasises the intensity of temperature whilst ‘stifling’ reinforces the idea of the Germans’ control. Despite the ‘living’ conditions they are in – they are forced to live through it. The punchy full-stop is used to show an end to the life of prisoners who chose to give up than live under control. Alliteration is similarly used in ‘Earrings’ to show the camp’s treatment towards prisoners â€Å"My mother was stripped,shorn.† The alliterate use of ‘Ss’ is used here again, ‘striped,shorn.’ The main use of alliteration here is because of its historical reference. ‘SS’ stood for ‘Schutzstaffel’, a major Nazi military organisation run by Adolph Hitler during World War 2 – this organization was primarily responsible for the crimes for the crimes against humanity, thus was the major inflict of pain and suffering to the Jews. Onomatopoeia is used in ‘shorn’ and when read gives a ‘Shhh’, a sound of sheering – which reinforces that the women prisoners’ heads were shaved off. Reference to religion in poetry helped prisoners to keep sane during very demanding times. With the prisoners’ loss of identity, culture and even their name there would only be one thing in which they can truly embrace in their hearts without the feeling of a threat, which is religion. In ‘Night over Birkenau’ religious issues are raised and introduced in the first stanza to set an instant scene of terror, â€Å"Grim sky closes circling like a vulture over the dead silence.† The idea of the sky ‘circling’ in vulture like motions, in Jewish scriptures is a sign to determine the Day of Judgement. They felt that this was the end of the Jewish spurt. And indeed; it was the ‘Day of Judgement’ for them – this was the Nazi Germans’ intention. To wipe out all Jews from existence. Alternatively, the quote can be used to show the death by animal imagery. The Nazi Germans are seen as the ‘vulture’, circling around its prey, the Jews. This simile further emphasises the vulnerability of the prisoners. Borowski chooses a vulture to show how strongly patrolled the prisoners were. Whilst they may think that they are safe – they are still watched cautiously by the Nazi Germans. On stanza three, readers are evidently shown the death. Not figuratively but statistically. â€Å"Is the silence of three million dead.† Furthermore, these quotes can link us as to how Borowski consciously gives evidence to the silence in the camp emphasising the Jews fearfulness speak. Silence is shown when Borowski coherently uses death imagery and death implies silence – this is evident by the poet in the fourth stanza, â€Å"like a vulture over the dead silence;† and this is reinforced by â€Å"Is the silence of three million dead.† In comparison with ‘Earrings,’ there is no involvement of religion.’Earrings’ concentrates on culture and identity. ‘Night over Birkenau’ is structured chronologically. The first stanza gives readers an insight to the poem’s setting including the thematic information to give the reader an idea as to what the poem is about. The first two lines of the second stanza progress to tell the reader about the emotions that the people felt; including their loss which is an effective follow-up from stanza one’s description of the night, the last two lines of stanza two show us the feelings of the people on the way to enter the camp, ‘The transports growl in darkness.’ Stanza three concentrates on the suffering and humiliation that the camp prisoners went through. The image of death is effectively shown throughout this stanza and there is an effective use of punctuation to reinforce death and tension, ‘It’s steamy, stifling. Sleep is a stone.’ Contracted form is used to reinforce the idea of ‘stifling’ as it can be used to show the suffocation and lack of space the prisoners had. The full-stop at the end of ‘steamy, stifling.’ can be used to show an end of life to some prisoners. The obvious idea of death is shown at the end, ‘is the silence of three million dead.’ Stanza four is cyclic to stanza one and gives the repetition of night, ‘Night, night without end. No dawn comes.’ The repetition of the night shows us the routine of the prisoners’ daily life in the camp but an alternative interpretation would be that the prisoners did not have hope, and hence ‘No dawn comes.’ Dawn is the opposite of night, thus it must mean hope and the dawn not coming reinforced the idea that hope did not come. Also, notice how there is a consistency in the number of lines in each stanza – this can also show how there was the same daily routine in the camp, Borowski makes everything in the poem repetitious just to show the number of times these crimes have happened without the world knowing – the prisoners did not have a voice. We can see Borowski’s cyclic approach from the beginning of the poem, â€Å"Night again. Again the grim sky closes.† The use of repetition, ‘again,’ reinforces the idea of routine and the tediousness of camp life. This is also effective when the poem is actually being read as ‘again’ is repeated twice. This is similarly portrayed in the ‘Earrings.’ Both poems follow the same gradual chronology – birth to death. This is slightly different in ‘Earrings.’ Harchik does not set a scene but ironically shows us the earrings as being a part of the prisoners’ life, it was a sign of hope for them. Harchik instead uses ‘tabbing’ structure to separate the ‘earrings’ away from the poem to similarly show the lack of hope but it is now shown ironically in comparison to ‘Night over Birkenau’ as the object of hope is now away rather than the object of misery being within the text. This can be interpreted to show how far away it was for the prisoners to be heard by the rest of the world and the lack of voice they received. ‘Earrings’ is a personal second generation poem and therefore the language nor the structure did not touch on sensitive issues that the Jewish generation in general felt, but bases it on what Annette Harchik’s mother. The ‘tabbing’ structure is heavily relied on by the poet to describe what it was before and after the entrance in the camp. The first stanza talks about her own family’s perspective and we notice how it consists of 3 lines to show that it has a lower priority in comparison with stanza 2 which gives background information relating to all the women in the camp and thus given four lines. The third stanza is the biggest with the factual content of what has happened to her mother, ‘my mother was stripped.’ Although Harchik bases this on the mother, she does go forward to give the idea on the wider perspective of what has happened to the people on the last line of stanza three, ‘in a huge glittering pile of jewelry.’ The enjambment used from the last line follow on from ‘earrings’, the symbol of the people – this is effective use of the enjambment because it links very well to the ‘huge glittering pile,’ which again evidently shows that a wide number of people were involved. Punctuation in ‘Earrings’ is less intense than ‘Night over Birkenau’. Harchik uses punctuation to separate different thing in the camp in a ‘step to step’ format, â€Å"mother was stripped, shorn, and tattooed.† Notice how there is a comma between every step that her mother has to go through, this is effective to the reader as they have to ‘pause’ between every step. This can also be interpreted to show the sheer humiliation that the camp prisoners had to go through – the pause emphasises that the prisoners had to stand there waiting for the next step to be conducted right in-front of crowds upon crowds of other, humiliated people. Lack of hope is similar between both ‘Earrings’ and ‘Night over Birkenau,’ both poems repeat the ‘symbol’ which is bringing misery or ironically in ‘Earrings,’ hope. In ‘Earrings,’ we witness the presence of the word ‘earrings’ in the first stanza to start the poem and the third stanza where the conflict is being described, once again the ‘tabbing’ structure between the text and ‘earrings’ emphasises that there is a lack of hope; which is similarly show in ‘Night over Birkenau’ but with the text to show the lingering presence of evil.. From studying these poems. I can evidently see that Borowski is a poet who has went through a lot of pain and agony before having the courage to show the world exactly what happened to Jewish prisoners during WW2. This is shown in his poem by the coherent references to methods of deaths, torture and disturbing images. We can learn from the poem, and his character is that living through demanding times – like a concentration camps can totally change one’s state of mind – and this is why Borowski has a coherent reference to death imagery – to feel like he’s not the only one. But even with all this, it was amazingly hard to escape the camp, but even harder to escape the mental scars which the camp’s life has subsided within him; resulting in an arousal of his suicidal feelings, and hence this mental disturbance caused him to commit suicide at the mere age of 28 despite being freed from the camp. Both poems allow us to relate to the massacres that have occurred during World War II to the Jews, as both flow progressively in a structured order. ‘Earrings’ has successfully explored the identity, culture and humiliation aspect in stanza three, whilst on the other hand, ‘Night over Birkenau’ heavily related to the fear and the death. In my opinion, the poet is trying to show readers that nothing exceeds humiliation, loss of culture and identity. And hence why Harchik after many years after the Holocaust she merely goes into the aspect of death but instead comments on the humiliation, loss of identity and culture. Her determination to inform the world is evident in her poetry. Her determination to tell the world about the Germans’ crimes gained her credaince to publish ‘Earrings’ in â€Å"Blood to remember† a 21st century version of the original ‘Earrings’ with a wider use of structure to further convey the loss of people. Personally, I preferred studying ‘Night over Birkenau’ as Borowski conveys his meaning to readers in a very vivid way. It is very inspiring and makes me think about how horrible it must have been to be in such a demanding situation. ‘Night over Birkenau’ allowed me to see how the world can be very deceitful to obtain and help who it wants and the constant repetition to the silence allowed me to think about how can the outside world not pay any attention to anyone. Not even a threatened nation fore coming the plague of World War 2’s plagued war-zone.

College Campus Essay

In this assignment we are going to design a campus network. Delta Community College (DCC) is a small college. It is attended by 600 full and part time students. The students do not live on campus. There are three dormitories for the students and each dorm can accommodate 400 students. Distance from the college campus to the dorms are: †¢ Dorm1 College Campus = 22KM †¢ Dorm2 College Campus = 5KM †¢ Dorm3 College Campus = 15KM Numbers of students are expected to be doubled every 4 years. There are 4 departments: †¢ Arts and Humanities †¢ Business †¢ Social Sciences †¢ Mathematics. Every department has an average of 150 Students and an average of 10 professors each. There are approximately 20 Administrative personnel available. It is expected that everyone in the college should get access to the network. Students when they are in the dormitory should also get access to the college network. We need to design a computer network so that it is good for next 4 years. Now do the following: A. Every department and dormitory should be put on their own subnet. When you design the subnetting make sure your design support the following: 10 Points i. 3 subnets for 3 dorms each should support 400 hosts ii. Different subnets for 4 departments †¢ Students and professors should be in different subnets. There are 300 students and 10 professors per department iii. A subnet for administrative department which should support at least 30 hosts The assigned IP address is 10. 5. 3. 0/20. So do you think using this IP address we can design all the necessary subnets with at least the required numbers of hosts? If yes then design the subnet structure by showing the assigned IP address range for every subnet. If no then say why. B. Apply a hierarchical approach to design this network. Your design should include:7 Points i. Core Layer ii. Distribution Layer iii. Access Layer In the designed network you need to mention what network device such as: cables, hubs, switches, routers etc. you are going to include in each layer. C. Dormitories are connected to the campus network via Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable. Because of attenuation loss we need to splice the fiber optic cable every 10km. if the splicing loss is: 0. 35dB then find out total splicing loss for every connection to each dormitory. 3 Points Note: There is at least 500m distance from the main server to different departments. So choose proper cabling when you connect the departments to the main server.

AWACS and the AST essays

AWACS and the AST essays BACKGROUND PAPER ON THE AWACS COUNTER-DRUG MISSION AND HOW THE AST HELPS 1. Mayhem! Chaos! Lives Destroyed! Drugs ruin many lives and it does not stop with the user. Some people are going to do whatever it takes to get drugs into the United States. United States Customs officials reported during fiscal year 2000 that over 200 tons of drugs were seized valued at almost $372 million, and arrested 3,491 individuals. How do the United States Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) airplane and the Airborne Surveillance Technician (AST) help brake up the flow of drugs? I will explain the general role of the AWACS crew and more specifically the role the AST plays in the war against drugs. You may ask where does all the action start and who is involved? Well, I am prepared to answer that. 2. An AWACS crew of about 23 crewmembers plus maintenance, would forward deploy to Howard Air Force Base located in Panama, about three miles south of the Panama Canal. The counter drug team consists of Navy, Air Force, Customs and Coast Guard aircraft. The AWACS plane is a modified Boeing 707 that has two struts, which hold a radar dish on top of aft of the aircraft. The radar is very sensitive and can pick up see low, slow flying aircraft from as far away as 300 miles. This part of the criteria helps determine if a suspect or law-abiding citizens are currently flying the aircraft. Other criteria that might be useful is if the aircraft is not flying on its posted flight path, or if it failed to file a flight path with the FAA (Federal Aviation Authority). The suspect does not want to file a flight path with the FAA because secrecy is the only way they can continue their illegal activities. Once it is determined the aircraft is doing something suspicious, the situation ! is taken over by the AST. Now lets look at how the AST will handle the situation. 3. The AST follows the aircraft using a computer display, initiate an...

Beginning Psychology Essay

Beginning Psychology Essay Beginning Psychology Essay 1. Define "psychology." - The scientific study of mind and behavior. 2. Explain why using intuition about everyday behavior is insufficient for completely understanding the causes of behavior. - There are a variety of biases that often influence our perceptions and lead us to make the wrong conclusions. 3. What are empirical methods? What is the scientific method? How do the two relate? Empirical method is a way to collect and organize data and draw conclusions, like trial and error. Scientific method is one form of empirical. Scientific method is set rules and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical methods. 4. Name the three levels of explanation (perspectives) in psychology, and the process underlying each one. Give an example of each related to success in college. Lower – biological / A person born to very intelligent parents would be more likely to be successful in college. Middle – interpersonal / A parent can teach their child how important it is to study and encourage good grades. Higher – cultural / Other countries are more aggressive with teaching and how much time children spend at school and have higher expectations from their students. 5. List and define the four challenges of studying psychology. Individual differences – Each person is unique. One person could go into a deep depression after losing a loved one while another grieves and moves on displaying only slight symptoms of depression. Multiply determined – There is rarely just one reason for certain human behavior (violence, child abuse). Linked causes – The causes of certain behaviors are often linked so that is it difficult or impossible to decipher which reason has the most effect. Unconscious processes - Reasons we are unaware of, one example is repressed memories. 6. List and define the five most important questions that psychologists address. Nature vs. nurture – The difference between what is inherited (genes) and our environment. Free will vs. determinism – The difference between having control over one’s own actions or more influenced by factors out of one’s control. Accuracy vs. inaccuracy – The determination that people have the ability to make good decision when those decisions could actually be effected by personal preferences and biases. Conscious vs. unconscious processing – to be aware of what is causing our actions as opposed to being unaware of why we sometimes act the way we do. Differences vs. similarities – Are there differences between men and women? Differences because of culture or ethnicity? Or are we all basically the same? 7. What is structuralism, developed by Wundt? What method did structuralists use to study the mind? What were the limitations of that method? What are the two â€Å"firsts† accredited to structuralists? Structuralism is the study of the conscious psychological elements. Structuralists used introspection, participants explained their experiences while completing tasks. The limitations were that instances where participants could not explain how they came up with answers for a simple math problem, the unconscious process. The realization of the unconscious process was one â€Å"first†. Another â€Å"first† was that Wundt discovered it took a person longer to report a stimulus rather than just respond to it. 8. What is functionalism, developed by James? What field of psychology developed out of functionalism? What is the major imitation of that field? Functionalism was to figure out why animals and humans develop particular psychological aspects. The field of evolutionary psychology developed from functionalism. Its major limitation is that we cannot predict which psychological characteristics our ancestors possessed. 9. What is the field of psychology that Freud developed? What is the general influence of this approach? What central ideas from that field are still important to psychology today? The field Freud developed was psychodynamic

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law Electromagnetic induction (also known as Faradays law of electromagnetic induction or just induction, but not to be confused with inductive reasoning), is a process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current- it is said to induce the current. Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831, though some others had noted similar behavior in the years prior to this. The formal name for the physics equation that defines the behavior of an induced electromagnetic field from the magnetic flux (change in a magnetic field) is Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The process of electromagnetic induction works in reverse as well, so that a moving electrical charge generates a magnetic field. In fact, a traditional magnet  is the result of the individual motion of the electrons within the individual atoms of the magnet, aligned so that the generated magnetic field is in a uniform direction. In non-magnetic materials, the electrons move in such a way that the individual magnetic fields point in different directions, so they cancel each other out and the net magnetic field generated is negligible. Maxwell-Faraday Equation The more generalized equation is one of Maxwells equations, called the Maxwell-Faraday equation, which defines the relationship between changes in electrical fields and magnetic fields. It takes the form of: ∇Ãâ€"E – ∂B / ∂t where the ∇Ãâ€" notation is known as the curl operation, the E is the electric field (a vector quantity) and B is the magnetic field (also a vector quantity). The symbols ∂ represent the partial differentials, so the right-hand of the equation is the negative partial differential of the magnetic field with respect to time. Both E and B are changing in terms of time t, and since they are moving the position of the fields are also changing.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy - Research Paper Example Men are known to be affected by this condition to a greater extent as compared to the females (Golbe and Ohman-Strickland, 2007). Clinical Presentation The PSP encompasses distinguishing mild dementia, lack of memory, sluggishness of contemplation procedure, poignant or behavior modifications encompassing lethargy or hopelessness with infrequent outbreaks or petulance and weaken capability to maneuver attained information, the condition leads to subcortical dementia, the characteristic feature of PSP. The clinical features include parkinsonism, though with rigidity in extension rather than flexion and tremor is usually minimal. In addition there must be a supranuclear paralysis of eye movements, usually downgaze for the appropriate diagnosis. These features are accompanied by pyramidal signs and cognitive impairment. The condition belongs to the family of taupathies and engross both cortical and subcortical structures (Stamelou et al, 2010). PSP is a symmetric, akinetic-rigid syndrom e, frontal shortfalls, postural instability as well as falls. Early gait interruption with sub-zero, micrographia and hypophonia comprise an additional deviation entitled pure akinesia with gait freezing (Williams and Lee, 2009). Observations reveal that in case of progressive supranuclear palsy, cortical lesions play an imperative role in highlighting the symptoms and signs of the disease. The patient thus presents supranuclear opthalmoplegia. Apart from these features, additional clinical characteristics involve, progressive asymmetric dystonia, apraxia and cortical sensory loss (PSP-corticobasal syndrome) (Josephs et al, 2005). The heterogeneity of the medical management emerges to trail distinction in the anatomical allocation of diverse, PSP-specific histopathological amendments (Willians and Lees, 2009). These features are supported with retrospective neuropathological research. Neuropathology Neuropathologically, PSP is defined as an accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles an d thereby loss of neuronal cells encompasses cortical and subcortical constitution, in particular the subthalamic nuclei, globus pallidus, red nucleus, superior colliculi, pretectal regions, periaqueductal grey matter, substantia nigra, thalamus, cerebellum, the entire pontine tegmentum, oculomotor nucleus, medulla, dentate nucleus and the spinal cord (Williams and Lees, 2009). Cases which do not predispose these features are difficult to diagnose. Research studies reveal that genetic mutations in the tau gene present on the chromosome 17 is responsible for the frontotemporal dementias. Stanford et al (2000), have identified that a silent mutation (S305S) in the tau gene is responsible for noteworthy atrophy or cellular collapse of the frontal and temporal cortices. Histopathological tests display intracellular, somatodendritic tau-aggregates which are shown by the silver staining (Dickson, 1999). Presence of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons, neuropil threads in neuronal processes , coiled twisting bodies in oligodendrocytes, tufted astrocytes in the basal ganglia, amygdala and motor cortex as well as nonexistence of neuritic plaques aid to discriminate PSP from other tauopathies. Taupathies is a common terminology employed to neurodegenerative disorders displaying tau-pathology in the glial or neuronal cells. Tau protein is expressed in neurons, associated with the microtubule.

Structure of the Legal Profession in the United Kingdom Term Paper

Structure of the Legal Profession in the United Kingdom - Term Paper Example Functionally, the legal profession in the UK is divided into two separate disciplines of barristers and solicitors. In England and Wales, solicitors outnumber barristers eight to one. Solicitors work behind the desk advising and preparing cases for the clients, whereas barristers represent the cases in the courts. Although diverse, the functions of solicitors and barristers are like two sides of the same coin. The basic qualifications necessary for these two branches are the same. It is only after graduation that those wishing to enter the profession as solicitors have to complete a Legal Practice Course according to the requirement of the Law Society, and those choosing to be barristers have to complete Bar Vocational Course franchised by the General Council of the Bar. Both these courses are of one-year duration. (Legal Education in the United Kingdom) Barristers have the right of audience in the Supreme Court and in all other courts, and they specialize in the different area of operations.   Some barristers may specialize in concerning criminal law, while others may be experts in civil cases. Even within the criminal and civil divisions, there may be sub-divisions. For instance, one barrister may specialize in homicidal matters and another may practice on issues concerning fraud, etc. For the ordinary citizen, solicitors are the first point of contact for legal advice and opinion. The solicitors may then advise the litigant on the appropriate barrister who could pursue the case in a court of law. There is yet one more branch of notaries who are small compared to barristers and solicitors. Notaries are authorized to perform functions such as attestations, authentication, administration of oaths, and other legal roles that are not of the litigious nature.   With the complexity of modern times in social, economic, environment and human rights affairs, together with greater awareness of the general citizenry of the legal opportunities available to them, solicitors and barristers have increasing professional challenges. Solicitors and barristers need each other as they perform complementary roles for one another.

Describe the main determinants of oral health inequalities. Discuss Essay

Describe the main determinants of oral health inequalities. Discuss dental public health strategies that can be implemented to tackle oral health inequalities - Essay Example Just as healthy body contributes in creating sound mind, similarly oral health is essential in maintaining a healthy body (Audobato, 2009). Due to this it can be stated that oral health and healthy body have a positive connection with each other. Surgeon David reported oral health as ‘silent epidemics’ and emphasized on the importance of oral health by creating a strong connection of oral health with other diseases. A human mouth is the main portal of a human body and bacteria which is present in the mouth causes and creates different systematic conditions. According to the doctors, dentists and physicians every part of the body is linked with each other. Thus if any problem exists in the mouth area then it causes adverse affects all over the body (Donaghy, 2006). An oral health disease also causes harmful effects on the physical and psychological well beings of the people and this further affects the overall quality of life. According to the study conducted in America it has been stated that 23% of 65-74 year age group suffer from severe periodontal diseases. But not all of them get cured because this facility is not provided to all as 5 % of the aged Americans live in long-term care facility where the this fac ility is not provided to them, thus inequality in oral health prevails. Generally individuals are reluctant in getting their oral problems cured because of the general cost associated with oral health, i.e. oral health issues are expensive to cure. The cost factor is the biggest factor for individual’s unwillingness all over the world. Thus, Oral health knowledge and awareness is not only important for the well being of the individuals but also for the well being of the society. A large population today enjoys all the services of dental and they are being taken care of their every oral health related problem. But with deep grief there still exists a

Credit Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Credit Derivatives - Essay Example (Moorad Choudhry, 2004) Theoretically, credit derivatives make a new class of assets made to trade default risk on a range of maturity without a collateral constraint. However, the potential efficiency benefits of credit derivatives are being reduced by lack of liquidity globally, the repo market use in hedging and the lack of secondary markets. The pricing of these instruments is affected by factors such as the option to deliver the cheapest bond and liquidity. In addition, emanating from lack of arbitrage, the rate of repo and bond over libor spread can be utilizedd to price the default swap. (Romain G Ranciere, 2002) In relatively short time, the credit derivative markets have grown, becoming a key component of capital markets and embracing a wide range of participants. They form an important part of the corporate bond market used for hedging and speculative purposes. Credit derivatives are ‘over the counter’ (OTC) instruments and therefore, very flexible; they can be specifically made to suit individual needs and can be used for a wide range of applications. These OTC instruments have a number of advantages such as their ability to be tailor made to suit specific requirements, their ability to isolate the underlying loan or bond from certain aspects of credit risk and their ability to be used by the banks in business restructuring as they allow these banks to parcel out credit risk while retrieving assets on the balance sheet. The three most common credit derivative instruments are credit default swaps, total return swaps, and credit-linked notes. The credit derivatives market share in the corporate sector is estimated at 80 percent and is essentially made up of high yield fixed income market in developed economies. Ironically, the credit derivatives upon upcoming sovereign bonds form the remaining 20 percent. (Moorad choudhry, 2004) BRIEF HISTORY OF CREDIT DERIVATIVES. Although since 1975 credit instruments were operating, it is in the year 19 96 that credit derivative markets really started. This came from financial institutions’ held concern about credit risk exposure regarding them. At that moment, the credit derivatives markets started being viewed as a compliment to the loan securitization markets. Quickly, the credit derivatives’ markets developed solely and simply became an important place to hedge as well as take credit risks on sovereign and corporate debts alike. During the crisis in Asia, from july of 1997, the emerging credit markets made a break in forward surge. The markets were slowed down by the absence of standardized documentation until 1999, when the International Swap and Derivatives Association (SDA) credit derivatives definitions were published, though. In year 1998, during which year the Russian nation bond defaults started. Credit derivatives markets were again triggered although some legal documentation problems were highlighted. However, the 1999 ISDA definitions reduced the causes of legal disputes. It is during that period of time that the year 1999 Ecuador-quasi voluntary bond exchange was put under recognition as a credit event. It is also at some time later that the investment markets agreed that the 2000 Argentina debt swap did not constitute a credit event. The Argentina turmoil of 2001

Criminal Profiling of Satanic Followers Research Paper - 1

Criminal Profiling of Satanic Followers - Research Paper Example   Ã‚   However, from the law enforcement perspective, it is not easy to classify a criminal activity as a satanic crime and, thus, reduce an investigation only to the suspects who claim to be Satanists (Lanning, 89). To start with, while there are several criteria that can help law enforcement officers to classify a crime as satanic, none of them is reliable enough to clearly define such a criminal activity. To start with, while some argue that the presence of certain symbols, such as inverted crosses, pentagrams, or 666 makes a crime satanic, from the law enforcement perspective â€Å" unless there is a legal-valid perspective for doing so, police have no authority to seize any satanic or occult paraphernalia they might see during the search (Lewis, 2001). The symbols or signs have no any significance for the investigation unless they prove a criminal activity. If a victim includes a Satanic symbol when describing the instruments or a location of the crime, then the symbol can se rve as an evidence. However, many cases reveal that despite the presence of certain symbols in the possession of the offender, the crime had no Satanic relation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, signs, symbols, and rituals cannot always be interpreted clearly as their meaning may change over time, place, and circumstance (Lewis, 2001). As an example, a swastika can represent either prosperity and good fortune, or Nazism and anti-Semitism, or – currently – hate, paranoia, and adolescent defiance. Especially in cases involving dabblers, teenagers, and other self-styled Satanists, who give the symbols their own meaning, the analysis of symbols and signs may only have a limited application.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also cases of offenders leaving satanic symbols on the crime scene deliberately in order to make the crime look â€Å"satanic† and, thus, confuse the investigators. Thus, when law enforcement officers investigate alleged satanic crimes, they need to be objective fact finders (Lanning, 89). While law enforcement officers need to be trained to recognize the possible investigative significance of satanic symbols, rituals, and paraphernalia, it is impossible for one person to know the meaning of all the symbols and rituals of every spiritual belief system. Therefore, symbols cannot be used to clearly classify a law enforcement problem as a satanic activity (Kennedy, 2006).

(Context) large international contracting company from a country where Essay

(Context) large international contracting company from a country where there was little or no recession trying to enter the European market - Essay Example Their objective is to tap into UK’s know-how in the industry so as to improve on their competitiveness. This follows its reputation for technology in construction services, including technological advancement, such as the Building Information Modelling, BIM and architectural endowment (BIS 2013). Further to this, the number of graduates in the construction industry keeps growing, an indication of greater opportunities for growth in the future. However, the UK still grapples with trade deficit in the construction industry. BIS (2013) observe that in 2012, it had a trade deficit amounting to about  £6.2 billion. It has been noted that a small portion of UK construction contractors are exporters as compared to the other sectors of the economy. Specifically, the 2012 statistics show that only about 6% of construction SMEs engaged in export trade. It was observed that a majority of these constructors lacked the knowledge of exports in construction, thus the trade deficit. Moreover, UK contractors still face the challenge of having to deal with financial institutions which still perceive the construction industry as risky. This hinders them from accessing the requisite financial services. Therefore, the UK is well placed to benefit from the myriad opportunities it has in the construction industry but has to input greater effort to curb its challenges. Department for Business and Innovation Skills 2013, UK construction: an economic analysis of the sector, viewed 22 March 204,

Criminal Profiling of Satanic Followers Research Paper - 1

Criminal Profiling of Satanic Followers - Research Paper Example   Ã‚   However, from the law enforcement perspective, it is not easy to classify a criminal activity as a satanic crime and, thus, reduce an investigation only to the suspects who claim to be Satanists (Lanning, 89). To start with, while there are several criteria that can help law enforcement officers to classify a crime as satanic, none of them is reliable enough to clearly define such a criminal activity. To start with, while some argue that the presence of certain symbols, such as inverted crosses, pentagrams, or 666 makes a crime satanic, from the law enforcement perspective â€Å" unless there is a legal-valid perspective for doing so, police have no authority to seize any satanic or occult paraphernalia they might see during the search (Lewis, 2001). The symbols or signs have no any significance for the investigation unless they prove a criminal activity. If a victim includes a Satanic symbol when describing the instruments or a location of the crime, then the symbol can se rve as an evidence. However, many cases reveal that despite the presence of certain symbols in the possession of the offender, the crime had no Satanic relation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, signs, symbols, and rituals cannot always be interpreted clearly as their meaning may change over time, place, and circumstance (Lewis, 2001). As an example, a swastika can represent either prosperity and good fortune, or Nazism and anti-Semitism, or – currently – hate, paranoia, and adolescent defiance. Especially in cases involving dabblers, teenagers, and other self-styled Satanists, who give the symbols their own meaning, the analysis of symbols and signs may only have a limited application.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also cases of offenders leaving satanic symbols on the crime scene deliberately in order to make the crime look â€Å"satanic† and, thus, confuse the investigators. Thus, when law enforcement officers investigate alleged satanic crimes, they need to be objective fact finders (Lanning, 89). While law enforcement officers need to be trained to recognize the possible investigative significance of satanic symbols, rituals, and paraphernalia, it is impossible for one person to know the meaning of all the symbols and rituals of every spiritual belief system. Therefore, symbols cannot be used to clearly classify a law enforcement problem as a satanic activity (Kennedy, 2006).

Academic Honesty, Who is responsible the student the teachers or the Essay

Academic Honesty, Who is responsible the student the teachers or the admission - Essay Example    According to McCabe, in his essay â€Å"it takes a village,† he considered the problem in African tribal way that it is the responsibility of the society or village to raise a child. Therefore, he argued that it should be the responsibility of the whole campus community including the administrators, the students, and the faculty to shape and effectively educate a student by employing simple strategies to reduce cheating, â€Å"†¦I would argue†¦it takes the whole campus community†¦.to reduce cheating.†. The main issue that he addresses is to enable the institutions, to find innovative ways of using academic integrity as a constructive way of developing more responsible students and citizens. McCabe further argued that in order to enable the students develop honesty and positive behaviour towards education, the entire body of the students, administration and faculty ought to work together to achieve the goal set. â€Å"†¦the village, communityâ⠂¬ ¦actively works together to achieve this goal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In order to work actively, each body plays an important role in ensuring that the students are well developed in academic matters and reduce cheating actions among them (Choong, and Bob 98). As for teachers, they are expected to teach students moral values and share their responsibility with the students especially during consultations. Students are expected to discover their talents and ability in academic matters. Teachers are therefore helpful in improving the climate of academic honesty in their institutions. Similarly, the administration also plays a role in ensuring that academic integrity has improved in the community. The administration looks out at the roles of both teachers and students in enabling academic honesty in the community and they punish the students involved in dishonesty or cheating. Additionally, students also play a role of their own. For instance, students are expected to

Negative Effects of Cell Phones on Society

Negative Effects of Cell Phones on Society Abstract Cell phones have become an extremely common electronic gadget for many people who may prefer their use as opposed to the house phones which has since been overtaken in the industry. The growth in the utilization of the cell phones is based on their ability to become technologically advanced since most of them can take a send photos and videos and connect to the internet of web surfing. Undoubtedly, this is the main reason why so many students in the school will always have their heads down, their headphones on and their phones to their ears. Surprisingly, most children including the kindergarten kids have always since been cell phone owners if they can respond to the calls. There are endless showing things which can be done by these implements. Typically, the use of cell phones has helped many users to communicate over long distance through the communication network. Therefore, there are multiple benefits of the use of mobile phones both for school going children and in promoting eff icient business operations that will ensure the productivity and sustainability of many businesses. There is need to determine the unfavorable the effects of the use of cell phones in our society. Introduction The usage of mobile phones can result in a significant threat to the health of the users. Many concerns have been raised on the cell phone radiation that causes other severe health hazards in the human beings. Categorically, the use of mobile phones facilitates the emission of low levels of radiofrequency energy (RF) that has an adverse biological impact to the health of human beings. Besides, the low levels of the radiofrequency energy the mobile phones emit while in use are in the microwave frequency variety. Moreover, they also emit the radio frequency energy at a substantially minimized time intervals when in the mode of standby. Similarly, the high degree of RF can produce significant health problems or effects through heating of tissues, exposure to low level of radiofrequency energy that ca not produce the heat impacts which can cause the unknown adverse health effects. Moreover, a significant level of electromagnetic energy, for instance, those found in the X-rays and the gam ma rays can ionize the biological tissues. Also, a substantial amount of the radio-frequency energy can increase the body temperature and influence the damage of the tissues (Cell Phones Health Issues). Other notable short term and long term effects of cell phones on health include the impacts on emotions as the presence of mobile phones can influence the relationship of the human being as they may develop negative feelings towards people having their devices visible. The levels of stress can also be increased with the greater use of the cell phones. For instance, the frequenting ringing, vibrating alerts and the constant reminders can put the user on a frustrating edge. Besides, the use of mobile phones can cause depression, stress and sleep disturbances on the adults. Similarly, there is increased risk of illness in the immune system with the constant use of the cell phones. The risks of chronic pain can also be influenced using cell phones. Therefore, there is no doubt that the use of mobile phones can significantly contribute to the adverse health of the users. The use of cell phones can also have great disadvantages to the school going students in their academic journey. Specifically, cheating using mobile phones has become a tremendous challenge in various educational institutions. For instance, using internet search engines, students can use the cell phones to get answers to the provided test questions. The students are reportedly distracted from their studies and other important events by the utilization of the mobile phones. Evidently, the students put much focus on attention in texting or talking with their peers or friends (Solway, 2010). Nonetheless, the use of cell phones can also hamper the real human interaction as people are usually glued to their phones while ignoring the regular interactions with the people around them. There is a possibility of a big problem in the future considering the much concentration placed on the phones as opposed to the usual socializing which is integral in the human social developments. Moreover, the use of cell phones has become instruments for constant interruptions in the business and social environment. For instance, the ringing of a phone during strategic meeting sessions may interrupt the smooth and regular business of the meeting (Solway, 2010). It is a naked fact that the use of mobile phones carries the privacy risks and the security breaches to the users. For instance, there are high chances of the private messages, financial information, photographs, the online networking accounts and other applications being leaked to a third party when ones phone is stolen, or one has mistakenly left it on office desks or the public sofa. One of the most pressing disadvantages of the frequent use of the mobile phones is the increased chances of getting into traffic accidents. Typically, the distractions from using the cell phones not only prevent people from productive interaction with others but also cost lives of both the user and nonuser in case the accident has occurred. For instance, the drivers have always been notorious for ignoring the traffic rules through engaging in texting, and checking the social media platforms hence cause loss of control of their which leads to accidents. Besides, texting or using the mobile phones by pedestrians have also proved to be the leading cause of many accidents which have resulted in losing of lives (Want, 2006). Sexting, sending the sexual messages or photos to another person is an issue all parents should consider before buying a cell phone for their kids. Particularly, the kids are prone to receive sexually explicit messages or information through the use of mobile phones. Besides, through the internet, children are likely to check the sites which are banned for the childrens view. Therefore, cell phones can significantly influence the childs social and psychological developments (Want, 2006). Evidently, cell phones are always expensive considering the regular upgrades of various gadgets and devices from the specific companies. Many mobile users will always want to upgrade to new devices as long as new updates are available in the market. This is because people are usually fascinated with the various types of cell phones such as the BlackBerry Bold and the Second-Generation iPhone. Conclusion Although there are multiple benefits of using cell phones in the various social environments, there is also the greater disadvantage of the utilization of the devices. The adverse effects of the use of mobile phones effects may be felt on the peoples health, the childrens development and education, socialization and interactions of individuals in the society among other significant influence on the business and social environment. References Cell Phones Health Issues. (n.d.). Retrieved, from https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/ucm116282.htm Solway, A. (2010). Communication: The impact of science and technology. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Want, R. (2006). RFID explained: A primer on radio frequency identification technologies. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan Claypool.

Karl Marxs Theory of Surplus Labour Essay -- Politics Political Essay

Karl Marx's Theory of Surplus Labour For Marx surplus labour is the extra labour produced by a worker for his employer, to be put towards capital accumulation. The worker must do this work to keep his job but otherwise gains nothing by it. By helping the accumulation of capital he contributes to the cycle of mechanization and division of labour, which allow for fewer workers to do more work, thus adding to the competition between workers, and lowering their wages. Yet despite how it will contribute to a lessening of his earnings, the worker has no choice but to contribute surplus labour. If a man had the means of production and could work for himself producing what he needed or what he could trade for what he needs, then a man could stop when he has what he needs. If a man does not own the means of production and therefore cannot sell the product of his own labour then he must sell his labour power to someone who owns the means of production. He will be paid a wage. Marx makes it very clear that the wage is paid not for the labour, but for the labour-power, that is, the use of the worker for whatever set amount of time. Marx writes: "Labour-power, then, is a commodity, no more, no less so than is the sugar. The first is measured by the clock, the other by the scales." (1847. Wage-Labour and Capital. pg 3. All subsequent references will be marked by page number only.) The wage that the worker is paid will be somewhere around the subsistence wage – that is the wage necessary to keep the worker returning to the job the next day. While the subsistence wage for an individual worker can be just what is needed to keep the job position filled (not necessarily by the same person) the subsistence wage overall has to be enough th... ...ot the nature of the mechanical inventions or means of production themselves prevent them from bringing happiness, but the nature in which they are used as capital. Not all mechanical inventions or means of production are capital. Capital is a commodity or collection of commodities that are expected to produce more wealth. As Marx writes "Capital does not consists in the fact that accumulated labour serves living labour as a means for new production. It consists in the fact that living labour serves accumulated labour as the means of preserving and multiplying its exchange value." (11) Capital relies on surplus-labour to preserve and multiply it, even while, as explained above, the profits from the increased capital are constantly diminishing. Work Cited Marx, Karl. 1849. Wage-Labour and Capital. In Economics 314/English 351 Reading Package. Camrose: Augustana

Big Brother Is Watching You Essay -- essays research papers

Big Brother Is Watching You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My name is Winston Smith, a man of 39 living in Oceania, and I am the last sane man on earth. I believe the date to be 1984, even though I have no real proof of it. London, as I know it, is a place devastated by hunger and disrepair. A place where every action and thought are closely monitored. For as long as I can remember, the Party has been in control. The principles of Ingsoc1 and Big Brother have been dictating public interest here since the 40s. Even though I have never known any other life, it feels like there is something inherently wrong with this one. Big Brother imposes a way of life that is intolerable to me. I have committed acts of subversion, violence, perversion, demoralization and more for the good of the Brotherhood2. I am a traitor, and the rest of the people of Oceania are empty headed automatons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I seem to be the only person in possession of a memory. When I used to work for Minitrue3 in the records department, my job was to remove or rewrite incongruent bits of history from the Times and other periodicals. On occasion I would rewrite entire articles to favor of the Party and it’s predictions. There was one week when it was announced that the chocolate ration would be reduced to 20%. The next week there was an announcement that the ration would be raised to 20%! And no one noticed the lie that was told! Everyone believed that only a week from when their rations had b...

Intel Corei7 vs. Intel Duo 2 Core

Explanation: (Difference between Intel Core i7 and Core 2 Duo) – The Core i7 is a completely new architecture which is much faster and more efficient than the Core 2 Duo. Currently only the Core i7 920, 945 and 965 XE versions are available. Of that the Core i7 920 is available at just $284 which makes it a great buy. It offers better performance than almost all Core 2 Duo processors. Native Quad Core, More Cache and Hyper Threading: All the Core i7 processors are Native Quad cores (4 cores), which means that they actually have 4 cores on a single die, while the older Core 2 Duo processors like the Q6600 (2? = 4 cores) had two cores on a single die, and two such dies merged together. This increases the processing speed greatly. They also have 256 KB L2 cache per core and a shared 8 MB L3 cache which has proven to be much better than any cache configuration in Core 2 Duo. It also has HyperThreading support which means that each of the 4 cores can process 2 threads simultaneousl y, so you get 8 virtual cores. This helps in running many applications parallely and also in gaming. Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) and On Die Memory Controller:The Core i7 processors sport the new Quick Path Interconnect technology which replaces the FSB (Front Side Bus) to connect the various components in a computer. QPI is much faster than FSB and hence improves the overall performance. It is even faster than AMD’s similar HyperTransport 3. 0 standard. The Core i7 have an On Die Memory Controller which means that it can access memory much faster than the Core 2 Duo processors which had an external memory controller. Intel has borrowed this feature from AMD. All the four cores, memory controller, cache are on the same die which improves the speed and performance greatly.

Moore Medical Corporation

Q1.   Today people start new business ventures with different expectations than it was to be in the past.   As many techniques, ways and means of dealing with customers have also changed.   The new technology to many people has brought a lot of significant changes in the global business environment.   All the business sectors including private and government sectors are currently doing reengineering on how businesses are operated.   This is happening because of the new information and communication technologies.   Different companies are coming up with various types of new information system.   . For the case of Moore Medical co-operation the customer relationship management software may be purchased to meet its objectives.   What is important for the success of any organization is whether its objectives are met in the long run.   The problem Moore is facing is to find a new technology to service its customers better, to generate new business and to give employees the tools to handle a growing number of customer communications, more efficiently and effectively. I therefore suggest that the customer relations management software (CRM) or technology will ensure that customers are served well.   Production will never be high if customers are not served well or attracted.   The way customers are handled will determine the success of the business. The CRM technology will therefore improve customer interaction consistence between the economy and its customers. Q2.   Most companies have failed to realize the finical benefits because of poor financial evaluation of what is being purchased.   Financial evaluation comprise of knowing the value of what is being purchased.   Disappointing results have been gotten because the cost of installing most of the new technologies are highly than the benefits that it will create at the end of the financial year. Financial benefits of any item can be evaluated. For example Moore medical cooperation can assess its financial benefits of the proposed technology.   One way is by analyzing the number of customers that are making orders using the new technology.   If the number of customers using the new technology is high then the new technology introduced is favorable to the company.   Another way through which the financial benefits can be assed is by comparing the installation cost, training cost, implementation cost with the sales that is obtained from the use of the new technology. It is obvious that implementation of the software’s will need some money.   Those who will be at the customer service department will also be trained.   So any cost associated with the introduction of the new system should be recorded down then compared with the sales obtained after the new system has been put into place.   This will determine if the company will be making profits or losses as a result of introducing the new technology. Q3.The success of any business or organization will depend on it quality of customer service skills employees working in customer service department possess.   Moore Medical Corporation has not been left behind.   The company is considering purchasing customer relationship management software with an objective of improving the ways of responding to customer desires. The CRM software will ensue that customer orders are not delayed.   The new technology (CRM) to Moore would increase or attract more customers and even maintain and keep the already existing ones. The number of customers a company serves normally determines the sales that the company will get.   Production rate would also increase by fixing the new technology in the system The new information and communication technology has changed the way businesses are done in the business environment.   Customers nowadays want maximum satisfaction from the company managers and front-line employees serving them.   Without new IT there is nothing that can be improved in any organization.   Performance and quality of products in any organization will only increase if the use of new information technology is implemented.   Goods will be delivered in time, customers will be served effectively and efficiently ensuring that they are fully satisfied.   New business and products have also been created in the environment as a result of the introduction of the new technology. Among the business needs Moore is hoping to address with this new information technology include the following.   They want to improve sales forecasting.   They also want to reduce the number of sales representatives and reduce time to attend to customers.   The new information will also increase the accuracy and accessibility of the information obtained from customers.   The other business needs that will be addressed by the new technology are to increase rep effectiveness and efficiency and finally to increase the customer interaction consistency among all representatives by increasing company control and manner of customer interaction. Q4.Training is one of the most business practices that any company should do whenever any new technology is introduced in a company.   All organization members need training to acquire new skills and knowledge for the production to be increased and effective. Training should provide essential information on the department / program. If the company uses new technology, the supervisor of that particular company needs to train the employees on how to use the software introduced. For the case of Moore medical cooperation, training its customer’s service representation on how to use the information technology that is the customer relations management software was ignored.   For example it was realized that the customers service representative found the order entry system in J.D. Edwards difficult to use in comparison to their old system.   The new account set up process within J.D Edwards also added time to customer calls.   It therefore means that customer needs and interest would be lowered.   When the way they are served is sluggish then there is a possibility that the company may lose them. Effective communication is another area where the Moore Company has failed to adopt.   Actually when changes are created in an organization, the management or human resource manager should ensure that the change is communicated to all the groups served by the organization (Satzinger, 2004). Effective communication is one of the key issues that the organization should know about its customers.   All members in any organization including employees, customers and suppliers have different cultural background.   The Moore should therefore consider the customers’ practices, likes, interest, belief and values.   After considering all these elements of culture the organization will then be in a position of making a good decision whether the new technology will work or fail.   In short the Moore manager should know about the cultural background of its customers to identify whether they will like the new technology created (Satzinger, 2004). Q5.The use of the new information and communication technology has created numerous changes in the global market and in companies dealing in electronic commerce.   New businesses have been created in the environment while old ones have been transformed. New business models have been formed that would that would have been unthinkable for years back.   However there are advantages and disadvantages that have resulted from the introduction of computer software. Moore move into E-commerce with an intention of improving customer service might result into same advantages and disadvantages.   For first the advantages are numerous.   If properly implemented the new system will automatically serve its customers better.   By improving customer Service, it means that the sales and production will also increase. Production in any organization will be determined by the number of customers it serves.   If more customers are attracted then it means that the profit or the financial benefits that the company wants to achieve will also be high.   The CRM software will therefore help Moore cooperation to realize high financial benefits. Service delivery by increasing the number of orders taken from customers will also increase While the advantages are visible, there are some negative outcomes that Moore might get by moving into E-commerce.   Culture of the customers might actually influence and determine whether the new system will be successful or not.   Some customer may refuse to make orders using the new system introduced in the organization.   This may lead to the failure of the system leading to a big loss to the company.   When customers refuse to use the new system then they will be lost leading to decreased sales. Customers might refuse to use the new system just may be because they are no informed in time or poor communication.   They may also just refuse due to differences in cultural background.   Therefore this is an important factor that might lead to the failure of the new system. The cost of implementation may also be too high for the company to realize the financial benefits it wants to meet.   It might decide to use the new system without financial evaluation, which is very important.   This may also lead to the failure of the company. Reference Sat Zinger, J. (2004). Systems analysis and Design in a changing world.   London: Thompson publishers.